"中國神話"的搜尋報告

中国神话是中华文化与历史的瑰宝，通过口耳相传或书面文字记载等各种形式流传在寓言、小说、宗教、舞蹈、戏曲中。某方面而言，神话会被认为是历史真实的一部份，最初的文字记载可见於山海经、水经注、尚书、史记、礼记、楚辞、吕氏春秋、国语、左传、淮南子等古老典籍中。
根据中国神话学者袁珂的分类，现在所说的中国神话可分为“神话”、“传说”和“仙话”。神话的背景是在秦汉以前，主要是描述人类与大自然的关系、万物有灵论及上古宗教。传说就是一些口耳相传的故事，这些故事可能会随着人口的迁移，在相隔数百里的地方，有着同样人物的传说，卻又因地方的不同而有所偏差。仙话则是随着道教的兴盛而出现，主要是说仙人的生活、成仙的经历等。
由晋代至明清时期，中国文学史上出现了一种被称为“志怪小说”或“神魔小说”的类别，主要讲述“神”、“鬼”、“仙”、“妖”、“精”、“怪”、“佛”、“魔”的故事，当中很多是参考了神话、传说和仙话，其中有名的当属“封神演义”、“西游记”、“镜花缘”及“聊斋志异”等。

神话与传说
A unique characteristic of Chinese culture is the relatively late appearance in Chinese literature of creation myths. Those that do exist appear well after the foundation of Confucianism, Taoism, and Folk Religions. The stories exist in several versions, often conflicting, with the creation of the first humans being variously ascribed to Shangdi, Heaven, Nuwa, Pangu, Yu Huang. The following presents common versions of the creation story in roughly chronological order.

Shangdi (上帝), appearing in literature probably earlier than 700 BC (the dating of these occurrences depends on the date of Oracle Bones and the Shujing, aka "Book of Documents"). There are no "creation" oriented narratives for Shangdi, although the role of a creator is a possible interperatation. Although Shangdi appears to have the attributes of a "person", detailed references to Shangdi as the creator are not explicitly identified until about the Warring States Period.
Tian (天, or Heaven), appearing in literature probably about 700 BC, or earlier (the dating of these occurrences depends on the date of the Shujing, aka "Book of Documents"). There are no "creation" oriented narratives for 'Heaven', although the role of a creator is a possible interperatation. The qualities of 'Heaven' and Shangdi appear to merge in later literature (and are worshipped as one entity ("皇天上帝") in, for example, the Temple of Heaven in Beijing). The extent of the distinction (if any) between them is debated. The sinologist Herrlee Creel proposes that an analysis of the Shang oracle bones shows Shangdi preceded 'tian' as a deity, and that Zhou Dynasty authors replaced the term Shangdi with tian to cement the claim of their influence.
Nüwa (女媧), appearing in literature no earlier than about 350 BC, is said to have recreated, or created humanity. Her companion was Fuxi (伏羲), the brother and husband of Nuwa. These two beings are sometimes worshipped as the ultimate ancestor of all humankind. They are often represented as half-snake, half-human creatures. Nüwa was also responsible for repairing the sky after Gong Gong damaged the pillar supporting the heavens (see below).
Pangu (盤古), written about 200 AD by the Daoist author Xu Zheng, was a later myth claiming to describe the first sentient being & creator.
Yu Huang (玉皇, or Jade Emperor), including representations such as Yuanshi Tianzun (元始天尊), Huangtian Shangdi (皇天上帝), appear in literature well after the establishment of Taoism in China.

创世神话



Following on from the age of Nuwa and Fuxi (or cotemporaneous in some versions) was the age of the Three August Ones and Five Emperors (三皇五帝), a collection of legendary rulers who ruled between c. 2850 BC to 2205 BC, which is the time preceding the Xia dynasty.
The list of names comprising the Three August Ones and Five Emperors vary widely between sources (see Three August Ones and Five Emperors for other versions of the list). The version in the widest circulation (and most popularly known) is:
(Source: Shangshu (尚書))
These rulers were generally regarded as extremely moral and benevolent rulers, examples to be emulated by latter day kings and emperors. When Qin Shi Huang united China in 221 BC, he felt that his achievements had surpassed those of all the rulers who have gone before him. Hence, he combined the ancient titles of Huang (皇) and Di (帝) to create a new title, Huangdi (皇帝), usually translated as Emperor.

The Three August Ones (Huang):

Fuxi (伏羲) - The companion of Nuwa.
Shennong (神農) - Shennong, literally meaning "Divine Farmer", reputedly taught the ancients agriculture and medicine.
Huang Di (黄帝) - Huang Di, literally meaning, and commonly known as, the "Yellow Emperor", is often regarded as the first sovereign of the Chinese nation.
The Five Emperors (Di):

Shaohao (少昊) - Leader of the Dongyi or "Eastern Barbarians"; his pyramidal tomb is in present-day Shandong province.
Zhuanxu (顓頊) - Grandson of the Yellow Emperor
Emperor Ku (帝嚳) - Great grandson of the Yellow Emperor; nephew of Zhuanxu.
Yao (堯) - The son of Ku. His elder brother succeeded Ku, but abdicated when he was found to be an ineffective ruler.
Shun (舜) - Yao, passing over his own son, made Shun his successor because of Shun's ability and morality.

三皇五帝



Shun passed his place as leader of the Huaxia tribe to Yu the Great (禹). According to legend, the Yellow River was prone to flooding, and erupted in a huge flood in the time of Yao. Yu's father, Gun, was put in charge of flood control by Yao, but failed to alleviate the problem after 9 years. He was executed by Shun, and Yu took his father's place, and led the people in building canals and levees. After thirteen years of toil, flooding problems were solved under Yu's command. Shun enfeoffed Yu in the place of Xia, in present-day Wan County in Henan. On his death, Shun passed the leadership to Yu. The main source for the story of Yu and the Great Flood comes from The Counsels of Yu the Great in the Classic of History (尚書·大禹謨).
Because of his achievement in resolving the Great Flood, Yu, alone among the mythological rulers, is usually called "Yu the Great" (大禹). Alternatively, he is called Emperor Yu (帝禹), like his predecessors.

大禹治水



Upon Yu's death, his position as leader was passed not to his deputy, but was inherited by his son Qi. Various sources differ as to the process by which Qi rose to this position. Most versions agree that during his lifetime, Yu had designated his deputy, Gaotao (皋陶), to be his successor. When Gaotao died before him, Yu then selected Gaotao's son, Boyi (伯益) as successor. One version then says that all the peoples who had submitted to Yu admired Qi more than Boyi, and Yu passed power to Qi instead. Another version holds that Boyi ceremoniously offered the position to Qi, who accepted, against convention, because he had the support of other leaders. A third version says that Qi killed Boyi and usurped his position as leader.
In any case, Qi's succession broke the previous convention of meritorious succession, and began what is traditionally regarded as the first dynasty in Chinese history. The dynasty is called "Xia" after Yu's centre of power.
The Xia Dynasty is considered at least semi-mythological. The Records of the Grand Historian and the Bamboo Annals record the names of 17 kings of the Xia Dynasty. However, there is no conclusive archaeological evidence of its capital or its existence as a state of any significant size. Archaeological evidence do not point towards a significant urban civilisation until the Shang Dynasty.

夏朝



Jie, the last king of the Xia Dynasty, is said to be a bloodthirsty despot. Tang of Shang, a tribal leader, revolted against Xia rule and eventually overthrew Jie and established the Shang Dynasty, based in Anyang. The Shang Dynasty ruled from ca. 1766 BC to ca. 1050 BC. It came to an end when the last despotic ruler, Zhou of Shang, was overthrown by the new Zhou Dynasty. The end of the Shang Dynasty and the establishment of the Zhou is the subject of the influential mythological fiction, Investitute of the Gods (封神演義).
Unlike the preceding Xia Dynasty, there is clear archaeological evidence of a government centre at Yinxu in Anyang, and of an urban civilisation in the Shang Dynasty. However, the chronology of the first three dynasties remains an area of active research and controversy.
夏桀、桀，夏朝最后一个君王，被描述成一个嗜杀成性的暴君。商汤是商部落的族长，他起兵最终推翻了夏桀的统治并建立了商朝，首都定在安阳。商朝的统治时间从公元前1766年至1050年。商朝最后一个暴君商纣王、商纣后被兴起的周人所灭，商朝自此瓦解。商朝的灭亡和周王朝的建立构成了神话故事《封神演义》的主要内容。 与夏朝不同的是有清楚的考古证物证明政府中心――殷墟（今为安阳）以及商朝的城市文明的存在。然而，夏商周年表依然有许多研究和争论的地方。

商朝

盘古—盘古开天辟地
夸父—夸父追日
燧人（燧人氏）—钻燧取火
女娲（女娲氏）—女娲补天、女娲造人
伏羲（伏羲氏）—伏羲造八卦
蓐收 - 金神
女娲 - 木神
共工 - 怒触不周山,水神
祝融 - 祝融氏,火神
后土 - 土神
神农（炎帝、后稷、神农氏）—神农尝百草
黄帝（黄帝氏、轩辕氏、有熊氏）
嫘祖 - 黄帝之妻，教人养蚕
蚩尤
刑天
仓颉 - 仓颉造字
尧
舜
禹 - 大禹治水
后羿 - 后羿射日
嫦娥 - 嫦娥奔月

上古传说人物

三清—道教的最高神灵。
玉皇大帝
西王母
八仙

道教神话人物

釋迦牟尼
观音
阎王
龙王

佛教神话人物
不少民间传说都把一些曾驱散瘟疫的将军将领供奉入庙，所以他们都放进这行列中。

灶君
妈祖
黄大仙
谭公
车公（又称“车大元帅”）
侯王
洪圣
关羽（关帝，关公）

民间传说人物

牛郎、织女
孙悟空 - 齐天大圣、大闹天宫、三打白骨精
二郎神
沉香 - 劈山救母
托塔天王
哪咤
金咤
木咤
千里眼
顺风耳
雨神
风婆
雷公
电母
土地（土地佬、土地公）
河伯
城隍
谭公
北帝
必方
海若
应龙
玄女
比干（财神）
钟馗
王子乔
琴高
赵公明（财神）

其它神话人物
另见：中国神话中的兽。

鳌
啸天犬
巴蛇
凤凰
鸾鸟
吉光
鹣
精卫—精卫填海
鹔鹴
鹏
青龙
白虎
朱雀
玄武
麒麟
龙王
伏藏龙
神龙
地龙
天龙
應龙
貔貅
夔
鲲
僵尸
狐狸精
蛇精
夜叉
年兽
牛头马面
虾兵蟹将
瑞狮
饕餮
穷奇
谛听
梼杌
混沌
魈
魑
魋
魅
魍
魉
鼍
睚眦
狻猊
狴犴
蒲牢
负屃
螭吻（鸱尾，鸱吻）
椒图
囚牛
嘲风
霸下

神兽和神怪

昆仑山 - 又称昆仑虚
玄圃
瑶池
扶桑
建木
鹊桥
蓬莱
神洲 - 又称东胜神洲
方丈 - 又稱方壺
岱輿
員嶠
广寒宫
天庭
琅嬛
天池

灵地/神仙界

山海经
中国占星学
中国宗教
神明列表
易经
中国神话故事
中国神话人物
中国神话中的兽
袁珂