回歸年(tropical year),也稱為太陽年,是由地球上觀察,太阳平黄经变化360°,即太陽再回到黃道(在天球上的群星之間的道路)上相同的點所經歷的時間。相對於分點和至點,精確的時間取決於你在黃道上所選擇的點:從北半球的春分點,四個基礎點之一,開始的稱為春分點年;對在黃道上所有的點取平均值的年稱為平回歸年。歲實是中國用的回歸年,是從冬至再回到冬至所經歷的時間。 在地球上,人類注意到回歸年的進展,從太陽緩慢的由南向北和再回頭的運動,希臘人由帶有"轉動"意義的tropos引申出"tropical"這個字,中文的意思就是"回歸"。太陽運行到最北邊和最南邊的回歸分別由巨蟹座和摩羯座標示,也是仍能看見「日正當中」的緯度。太陽位置可以由每天正午時指時針(一根垂直的柱子或棍子)影子的長短來測量,這是測量每年長度最自然的方法:以日照來確認季節。 因為春分點受到進動的影響在黃道上退行,因此回歸年比恆星年短一點,在2000年兩者相差20.409分,在1900年是20.400分。 回归年是制定各种阳历(含现行公历)和阴阳历的基础。 1回归年 = 365.242199174日 = 365天5小时48分46秒
細微的區別 以暦元J2000.0〈2000年1月1日〉地球時為基準,由Moisson經由完整的分析,最後測定的回歸年長度是:
〈這個值考量了憲性的變化和其他與皇到有關的年〉 365.242 189 670 天〈公制〉。 由於歲差的變動和地球軌道的變化,再回歸年的長度上有一個平穩的改變。這項線性的變化可以用多項式即時的表示: 差值〈天〉 = −0.000 000 061 62×天數 〈自2000年起以儒略年顯示的天數〉 或是每年約5mS,這意味著2000年來回歸年的長度已經增長了10秒。 註:此處和後續的公式中,一天的長度都採用86400秒〈公制〉,與使用2000年暦元起算的儒略年〈365.25天〉。時間的標示是以曆表時為基礎的地球時〈取代之前使用的曆表時〉,與世界時不同,會跟隨著變化莫測的地球自轉適時的修正。兩者之間的差異〈雖小但會累積,稱為ΔT)〉會依據在地球上每日例行的觀測去修正,以應用在像暦法、天文學史的研究以及食的觀測。
現代的平均值 如同前面所提的,回歸年的長度會根據所選的參考點而有些所不同。這個原因是,分點的進動是很穩定的但太陽的速度在一年中明顯的有所不同,當地球在軌道的近日點時(目前在1月3日至4日),他的運動速度會比平均速度快(從地球看太陽也是如此);因此在黃道上到達近日點的時間會比較快一點,而在這個點上測量的"回歸年"便會比平均值長一點。在實際的情形則是測量太陽回至冬至點的回歸年(日期在12月21日至22日),與近日點非常接近。 反過來,夏至點接近遠日點,這時太陽在軌道上運行的速度比平均速度慢,因此需要比較長的時間才能到達定點(與在冬至點時經過相同的角距離),所以測量的回歸年長度短於平均值。以晝夜平分點測量的值介於其間,而且現在測量的平回歸年的長度也與上述的值接近。晝夜平分點相對於近日點繞行完整一周的時間(大約在21,000年),回歸年的長度也會隨同選擇的定點,在平回歸年的長度附近震盪。 目前在黃道上回到各主要點的回歸年值和他們每年的變化如下式: 注意這4個點的平均值是公制365.2422天(平回歸年),以秒為單位來測量時,這些數值會越來越小,也意味著年會越來越短。現在,以秒為單位來測量實際的一天,正在緩慢且穩定的增長,所以一年確實的天數也正在逐漸減少。 The differences between the various types of year are relatively minor for the present configuration of Earth's orbit. On Mars, however, the differences between the different types of years are an order of magnitude greater: vernal equinox year = 668.5907 Martian days (sols), summer solstice year = 668.5880 sols, autumn equinox year = 668.5940 sols, winter solstice year = 668.5958 sols, with the tropical year being 668.5921 sols [1]. This is due to Mars' considerably greater orbital eccentricity. Earth's orbit goes through cycles of increasing and decreasing eccentricity over a timescale of about 100,000 years (Milankovitch cycles); and its eccentricity can reach as high as about 0.06. In the distant future, therefore, Earth will also have much more divergent values of the various equinox and solstice years. 春分點:365.24237404 + 0.00000010338×a days 夏至點:365.24162603 + 0.00000000650×a days 秋分點:365.24201767 − 0.00000023150×a days 冬至點:365.24274049 − 0.00000012446×a days 不同的長度 This distinction is relevant for calendar studies. The established Hebrew calendar created a mathematical resolution for the differences that arise between the the solar and lunar years so that all Jewish holidays occur at the same season each year. The main Christian moving feast has been Easter. Several different ways of computing the date of Easter were used in early Christian times, but eventually the unified rule was accepted that Easter would be celebrated on the Sunday after the first full moon on or after the day of the vernal equinox, which was established to fall on 21 March. The church therefore made it an objective to keep the day of the vernal (spring) equinox on or near 21 March, and the calendar year has to be synchronized with the tropical year as measured by the mean interval between vernal equinoxes. From about AD 1000 the mean tropical year (measured in SI days) has become increasingly shorter than this mean interval between vernal equinoxes (measured in actual days), though the interval between successive vernal equinoxes measured in SI days has become increasingly longer. Now our current Gregorian calendar has an average year of: 365 + 97/400 = 365.2425 days. Although it is close to the vernal equinox year (in line with the intention of the Gregorian calendar reform of 1582), it is slightly too long, and not an optimal approximation when considering the continued fractions listed below. Note that the approximation of 365 + 8/33 used in the Iranian calendar is even better, and 365 + 8/33 was considered in Rome and England as an alternative for the Catholic Gregorian calendar reform of 1582. Moreover, modern calculations show that the vernal equinox year has remained between 365.2423 and 365.2424 calendar days (i.e. mean solar days as measured in Universal Time) for the last four millennia and should remain 365.2424 days (to the nearest ten-thousandth of a calendar day) for some millennia to come. This is due to the fortuitous mutual cancellation of most of the factors affecting the length of this particular measure of the tropical year during the current era.
曆年 回歸年最有趣的是如何保持曆年與季節起點的同步,所有進步的太陽曆都源自於古埃及算術的曆法。這意味著設立簡單的規則就可以達到最好的天文數值。 在太陽曆的歷史上有5個著名的規則(估計的)被使用過,被使用或是被建議:
曆法的規則和春分點
恒星年 年 近点年 远点年 食年 |