"Sputnik 1"的搜尋報告

史潑尼克一號或稱史普尼克一號（俄语：Спутник-1，「衛星一號」或俄语：Sputnik，「旅行者」或音譯「史潑尼克」）是第一顆進入地球軌道的人造衛星。在蘇聯於1957年10月4日於拜科努爾航天中心發射升空。由於這時正值冷戰，史潑尼克一號的發射震撼了整個西方，在美國國內引發了一連串事件，如 史潑尼克危機、華爾街發生小股災。同時亦開始了美、蘇兩國之間的太空競賽。
史潑尼克一號升空的意義，在於通過量度其軌道變化，有助研究高空地球大氣層的密度，並為於電離層作无线电波傳遞提供原始的資料。由於衛星填充了壓縮氮，史潑尼克一號亦因此作了第一次人造物體作隕石探測的嘗試， 由於高溫的隕石穿透了史潑尼克一號的表面，導致其內壓泄漏，此亦為隕石之極端高溫提供證據。史潑尼克一號毫無先兆而成功的發射，導致美國的極大恐慌，並造成史潑尼克危機，因此亦激起美蘇兩國之後持續20多年的太空競賽，成為冷戰的一個兩強主要競爭點。
當史潑尼克一號於哈萨克拜科努爾航天中心發射之時，正值是1957年---聯合國所公佈的國際地球觀測年（又譯作國際地球物理年），它以每小時29,000公里的速度脫離地球引力，成為第一個進入外太空的人造物體，在外太空它以20.005至40.002兆赫的頻率向地球發送無線電波信號 1958年初，史潑尼克一號失去動力，脫離其工作軌道並墜入大氣層，其工作壽命中，共圍繞地球運轉了六千萬公里。

歷史
The Sputnik 1 satellite was a 585 mm (23 in) diameter sphere, made of highly polished 2 mm-thick aluminum AMG6T alloy, carrying four whip-like antennas between 2.4 and 2.9 meters (7.9 and 9.5 ft.) in length. The antennas resembled long "whiskers" pointing to one side. It had two radio transmitters (20.005 and 40.002 MHz) and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about 250 km (150 mi). Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere. Temperature and pressure were encoded in the duration of radio beeps, which additionally indicated that the satellite had not been punctured by a meteorite. Sputnik 1 was launched by an R-7 rocket. It burned up upon re-entry on January 4, 1958.

設計
The designers, engineers and technicians who developed the rocket and satellite were watching the launching at the range. The satellite itself, a small but highly polished sphere, was barely visible at sixth magnitude, and thus more difficult to follow optically. Several replicas of the Sputnik 1 satellite can be seen at museums in Russia, and others are on display in the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. and the Science Museum, London, England.
The actual sequence of decision-making as to the form of Sputnik 1 was convoluted. A tonne-and-a-half, cone-shaped artificial satellite capable of making many physics measurements in space was first planned by Academician Mstislav Keldysh, but when the Soviets read that the American Project Vanguard had two satellite designs, a small one which was just to see if they could get something into orbit, the Soviets decided to have what translates as the "Simplest Satellite" too, one which was one centimeter larger in diameter, and much heavier, than Vanguard's "real" satellite. They had to see whether the conditions in low Earth orbit would permit the bigger satellite to remain there for a useful length of time. When, months after Sputnik 1, the Vanguard test satellite was orbited, Khrushchev ridiculed it as a "grapefruit." Once the Soviets found they could orbit a test satellite too, they planned to orbit Keldysh's space laboratory satellite as Sputnik 3, and did so after one launch failure.

任務
另見：Space Race#Artificial satellites 及 Sputnik crisis
Teams of visual observers at 150 stations in the United States and other countries were alerted during the night to watch for the Soviet sphere at dawn and evening twilight. They had been organized in Project Moonwatch to sight the satellite through binoculars or telescopes as it passes overhead.

回饋
Long-standing official accounts state that, based on the degradation of Sputnik 1's orbit, the satellite re-entered the atmosphere on or about January 4, 1958, whereupon it is assumed to have burned up completely. The Sputnik 1 rocket booster re-entry was expected to occur somewhere above Alaska, or the West coast of North America, according to Soviet predictions in December 1957.

爭論
Sputnik 1 resulted in a fashion trend now called the "Sputnik lamp", which usually consists of a metallic sphere with bars jutting out in multiple directions holding light bulbs or lamp globes at the ends. Most average around 8 to 15 bars, unlike the 4 antennae on Sputnik 1.

流行文化

The first man-made object to reach space was launched over 10 years before Sputnik 1. In 1944, a V2 rocket was launched from Peenemünde on a vertical test shot sub-orbital trajectory to an altitude of 176 km (109 miles), well beyond the 100 km (62 miles) altitude generally considered to be the border of space (see Kármán line).
The previous altitude record before the V-2 was held by the artillery shells of the Paris Gun, the first artificial object to enter the stratosphere with an apogee of approximately 30 miles.

瑣事
One Sputnik 1 replica, built by French and Russian teenagers and hand-launched from Mir on November 3, 1997, died after two months in orbit. It was offered while still on display in a science institute near Kiev. It is estimated that between four and twenty models were made for testing and as replicas.
A Sputnik 1 model was given as a present to the United Nations and now decorates the entry Hall of its New York City Headquarters.
Another replica is on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum.
A further replica is on display in the Space section of the Science Museum, London.
Three accurate replicas of the Sputnik 1 titled "My Sputnik", were created by the artist and inventor Michael Joaquin Grey in 1990 and exhibited in art galleries and museums internationally.

Radio sample of Sputnik 1（文件信息） — 在瀏覽器中播放 （Beta測試版）
播放時出現問題？參見媒體幫助。

參考資料

ILLIAC I - First computer to calculate the orbit of Sputnik I.
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, created in 1958)

Authentic recordings of the signal
Three recent historical articles are noteworthy for their research and debunking of common misinformation:
Other sites of interest:

by Don Mitchell
by Asif Siddiqi
by Anatoly Zak
Sputnik 1 Diary

History

Soviet documents
Newspaper accounts on radio ham operators

Primary sources


1958 Video Newsreel of Russian Exhibition of Sputnik 1
50th anniversary of the Earth's first artificial satellite launch. RIA Novosti Video
NASA on Sputnik 1
A joint Russian project of Ground microprocessing information systems SRC "PLANETA" and Space Monitoring Information Support laboratory (IKI RAN) dedicated to the 40th anniversary of Sputnik 1
International Sputnik Day
Top Ten Sputniks
Isachenkov, Vladimir．“Sputnik at 50: An improvised triumph”，Associated Press，2007-09-30．于2007年9月30日查阅． 
Dudney, Robert S.（October 2007）．“When Sputnik Shocked the World”．AIR FORCE MAGAZINE, Journal of the Air Force Assoc.．90（10）：pp.2-43．ISSN: 0730-6784．于2007年10月2日访问．
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